November 2024 QQ: Cryoprecipitate

Our November 2024 Quick Question, which attracted 28 responses, asked, “Who invented cryoprecipitate?”

1. Dr. E. J. Kohn: 1 (4%)
2. Dr. Judith Pool: 19 (68%)
3. Dr. Armand Quick: 3 (11%)
4. Dr. Rudolph Virchow: 4 (13%)
5. Dr. Kenneth Brinhous: 1 (4%)

Comments:
Cryoprecipitate (Cryo) was developed and produced by Judith Pool, PhD, 1919–1975, from Stanford University in 1964. The US FDA approved it in 1971 under the name Cryoprecipitated AHF. Dr Pool won several awards for her work and died of a brain tumor at age 56.
Pool JG, Gershgold EJ, Pappenhagen AR (July 1964). High-potency antihæmophilic factor concentrate prepared from cryoglobulin precipitate. Nature. 1964; 203 (4942):312. doi: 10.1038/203312a0. PMID: 14201780.

E. J. Cohn, PhD (misspelled Kohn in the question), 1892–1953 chemically fractionated human plasma to separate and purify albumin for battlefield therapy during World War II. After the war, Cohn developed several plasma fractions including fraction I with antihemophilic properties, which was used therapeutically until the development of cryoprecipitate and anti-hemophilic globulin in the late 1960s.
Herrlin KM, Thilen NA. Antihemophilic activity in Cohn’s fraction I prepared from postpartum serum. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1955;7:218–24. doi: 10.3109/00365515509134513. PMID: 13298597.

Armand Quick MD, 1894–1978, was an American hematologist and hemostasis expert. He was an associate professor of pharmacology and chair of the Department of Biochemistry at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Quick developed the prothrombin time test in 1953.
Quick AJ. One-stage prothrombin-time test. Lancet. 1953 Jun;1:1307-8. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)92436-2. PMID: 13053760.

Kenneth Brinkhous, MD, 1908–2000 was a professor and chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Brinkhous remained active in research until shortly before his death. He developed the first FVIII concentrate, then named Anti-hemophilic Factor (or globulin), working with a colony of hemophilic German Shepherds.
Toole JJ, Knopf JL, Wozney JM, et al. “Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human antihaemophilic factor”. Nature 1984;312:342–7.

Rudolf Virchow, MD, 1821–1902 was a German physician, anthropologist, and writer. He is known as “the father of modern pathology.” Virchow studied thrombosis and developed the iconic “Virchow Triad,” (below) which established the role of stasis, endothelial cell injury, and hypercoagulability in pathological blood clot formation. “Goldilocks Principle” (neither too hot nor too cold, just right) is the current nickname for a balanced mechanism like the coagulation cascade.
Bagot CN, Arya R. Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. Br J Haematol. 2008;143:180-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07323.x. PMID: 18783400.