Reprise: Isolated Elevated D-dimer in an Apparently Healthy Individual

This question appeared 12-22-25 on the Diagnostic Equity page: “My D-dimer was elevated, but my CT scan ruled out a blood clot. What other conditions or factors can cause an elevated D-dimer, and then how should this result be interpreted in the context of my symptoms and overall health?“ This answer was provided by colleague Justin […]

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Fibrinolysis

Dec 31 2025

george

January 2026 Cheat Sheet

Click here for your January 2026 Fritsma Factor Cheat Sheet. If you would like a Cheat Sheet push copy that provides links to all the December, 2025 entries, please complete the Cheat Sheet application on the right. All Fritsma Factor services, sponsored by the PBI family of hemostasis in vitro diagnostic distributors, are free.

Cheat Sheets

January 2026 QQ: Fibrinolysis

Fibrinolysis plays a crucial role in the treatment of thrombosis. The components of fibrinolysis, in no particular order, are plasminogen, plasmin, TPA, TAFI, PAI-1, α2 antiplasmin, FDPs, and D-dimer. Our January 2026 Quick Question in the right column is a quiz that asks, “Which fibrinolysis enzyme digests fibrin?” Please select your answer, and feel free […]

Fibrinolysis

December 2025 QQ Results: Control Proteins

Our December 2025 Quick Question was a quiz that asked, “What plasma control protein acts against FIIa & FXa?” Here’s how our 34 respondents fared… Antithrombin: 27 (79%) Protein C: 5 (15%) Protein S: 1 (3%) Protein Z: 0 TFPI: 1 (3%) We scored well on this question. Antithrombin (AT), when activated by therapeutic heparin […]

Coagulation Factors

Andexanet Alfa Withdrawn from the US Market

Thanks for the heads-up from Dr. Paul Riley, who commented on our December 27, 2025, post, Clinical Research Study: Andexanet Alfa for Enoxaparin Reversal. Here is the press release from AstraZeneca announcing the withdrawal of andexanet alfa from the US market.

Blog

Clinical Trial: Thrombin Generation Test Predicts Breakthrough Bleeding in Emicizumab Prophylaxis

Check with your medical library to obtain this clinical trial pre-publication: Pelzer FJ, Ertekin EI, Oleshko O, et al. Thrombin generation to predict breakthrough bleeding in patients with acquired hemophilia A under emicizumab prophylaxis. Haematologica. 2025. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2025.288115. PMID: 41230703. Abstract Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a serious bleeding disorder due to neutralizing autoantibodies against […]

Bleeding Disorders

Clinical Research Study: Andexanet Alfa for Enoxaparin Reversal

Navigate to this open-access article describing andexanet alfa reversal of LMWH: van Haaps TF, Benz AP, Xu L, Middeldorp S, Eikelboom JW, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2025;9:103191. doi: 10.1016/j.rpth.2025.103191. PMID: 41141842; PMCID: PMC12552982. Abstract Background Andexanet alfa (andexanet) is the only approved reversal […]

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Anticoagulant Therapy

Dec 26 2025

george

August 2025 CAP Today: D-dimer Reporting and INR Are Variables That Matter

In follow-up to their July 2025 CAP Today article, A Deep Dive into Key Hemostasis Testing Variables, Drs. Andrew Goodwin and Eric Salazar present external quality improvement data on the PT–INR, D-dimer, and VET in their August 2025 article, D-dimer Reporting and INR Are Variables That Matter. Their article in particular examines the confusion over […]

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Anticoagulant Therapy

Dec 26 2025

george

Analytical Dilemmas in Lupus Anticoagulant Testing

Click here to read an open-access review by Moore GW. Analytical Dilemmas in Lupus Anticoagulant Testing. Explor Immunol. 2023;3:300–24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00104 Abstract Accurate lupus anticoagulant (LA) detection is crucial to antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) diagnosis. Detection is based on LA functional behavior in coagulation assays irrespective of epitope specificity. LA screening tests employ dilute phospholipids to […]

Arterial Thrombosis

AI in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Here is an open-access article on the efficacy of artificial intelligence in hemostasis: Altememi MA, Favaloro EJ, Islam MZ, Santhakumar AB. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in thrombosis and hemostasis: a scoping review of clinical and laboratory applications, challenges, and future directions. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2025. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2025-1450. PMID: 41400592. Abstract This scoping review […]

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Validation

All Posts

Reprise: Isolated Elevated D-dimer in an Apparently Healthy Individual

January 2026 Cheat Sheet

January 2026 QQ: Fibrinolysis

December 2025 QQ Results: Control Proteins

Andexanet Alfa Withdrawn from the US Market

Clinical Trial: Thrombin Generation Test Predicts Breakthrough Bleeding in Emicizumab Prophylaxis

Clinical Research Study: Andexanet Alfa for Enoxaparin Reversal

August 2025 CAP Today: D-dimer Reporting and INR Are Variables That Matter

Analytical Dilemmas in Lupus Anticoagulant Testing

AI in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

George Fritsma MS MLS

Cheat Sheets from George

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